Introduction
Sepsis represents a global healthcare problem, imposing enormous economic and societal burdens since it is the most common cause of in-hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality. The complex host immune response during sepsis involves the concomitant presence of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses but manifests a disturbed homeostasis in association with excessive tissue damage and even organ failure. Sepsis often occurs in patients with severe diseases, such as those with severe burns, multiple injuries or after surgical procedures. Sepsis is also common in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive bronchitis, leukemia, aplastic anemia, and urinary tract stones.
CLP Sepsis Model
The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model is highly stable, repetitive, and applicable. Thus, it is currently regarded as the “golden standard” for sepsis-related studies. This model, by virtue of cecal ligation and perforation, leads to the pollution of the abdominal cavity by bacteria-carrying intestinal contents, gives rise to generalized peritonitis, and induces a wide range of systemic inflammatory responses.
LPS Sepsis Model
Lipopolysaccharide is a single component of the complex pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) released by gram-negative organisms. Intravenous LPS can induce the synthetic release of multiple inflammatory mediators, causing acute infection symptoms and establishing a sepsis model.
Examples
Mechanisms and hallmarks of sepsis-induced immunosuppression
The cecal Ligation and puncture procedure
Percentage survival rate of vehicle- and compound- 1d-, 2j-, and 2l-treated CLP-induced mice
References
Lewis Anthony J,Seymour Christopher W,Rosengart Matthew R,Current Murine Models of Sepsis.[J] .Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2016, 17: 385-93. doi:10.1089/sur.2016.021
Cho Wansang,Koo Ja Young,Park Yeonju et al. Treatment of Sepsis Pathogenesis with High Mobility Group Box Protein 1-Regulating Anti-inflammatory Agents.[J] .J Med Chem, 2017, 60: 170-179. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00954
Yao RQ, Ren C, Zheng LY, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Advances in Immune Monitoring Approaches for Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression. Front Immunol. 2022 May 10;13:891024. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891024. PMID: 35619710; PMCID: PMC9127053.
